Understanding fluid behavior in duct systems fundamentally requires differentiating between laminar and turbulent flow regimes. Laminar flow, characteristic by smooth, parallel layers of substance, arises at reduced velocities and Reynolds numbers. Imagine observing a perfectly ordered parade of components; that's a simplified analogy. Conversely,

While groundbreaking for its time, the Bohr model featured several limitations that ultimately became its replacement. One primary problem was its inability to accurately predict the lines of multi-electron atoms. The model also failed to demonstrate phenomena like quantumtunneling. Furthermore, its predictable nature clashed with the inherent prob